作者 tootoobenee (A級垂耳兔) 看板 GMAT
標題 Re: [分享] A2GMAT修正Kee大 修辭影片觀念(1)
時間 Thu Jun 18 17:59:42 2015
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以下這題Dustin和我都想進一步探討解法！
請詳影片7:40秒．
https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=139&v=ZmXKInrF3Oc
OG13-29
Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were
written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's
marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's
death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.
(A) Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years
before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly
before Emily's death in 1886, outnumbering
(B) Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years
before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ended shortly
before Emily's death in 1886, outnumber
這裏K大講到用平行結構解，但是平行結構在OG官方解釋講平行結構
（parallel），只會有對等連接詞（and/but/or/yet），或者是強迫平衡慣
用語（e.g. not only…but also），才有所謂平衡的適用；
我們看法是看時態合理性而不是看平衡...
影片說begins和ended現在和過去式明顯不平行，建議把定義說清楚，
應該是講時態and前後是否一致避免與平行觀念混淆！
另外就如同Dustin在回應K大觀念所錄影片中舉出很多and前後時態不一致的case，
我也舉出以下修辭正確句來修正同學容易和K大一樣的錯誤觀念，
and前後時態沒有一定要一致，既然一直提到句意，
時態本身就要用句意來看！像以下這題時態前後就沒有一致.
45. (26816-!-item-!-188;#058&003335)
A recent poll indicates that many people in the United States hold
a combination of conservative and liberal political views; i.e.,
they denounce big government, saying government is doing too much
and has become too powerful, while at the same time supporting
many specific government programs for health care, education, and
the environment.
其實B選項若要看句意，應該是用時態合理性來刪除，因為a period語意上
是過去時間，所以形容詞子句用現在簡單式的時態明顯是錯誤，應該要用過
去簡單式，
這種題目如我上一篇文章一樣，我再次強調遇到長句先看句子結構錯誤，先
看主詞動詞，letters were written，後面又看到 , outnumber，兩個動詞
were written/ outnumber中間沒有連接詞，屬於句子結構錯誤
(C) Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before
Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and that ends shortly before
Emily's death in 1886 and outnumbering
影片中講到C選項“也”是不平行結構，很多觀念應該要講清楚，
這選項應該是看到對等連接詞and知道一定前後要平衡，
and後面看到that ends知道是形容詞子句
（adj.cl），前面沒有adj.cl平衡之後就刪除了
(D) Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few
years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother, ending shortly
before Emily's death in 1886, and outnumbering
這個選項影片說是beginning/ending/outnumbering三個動作的平衡，因
這個選項影片說是beginning/ending/outnumbering三個動作的平衡，因
為outnumbering修飾period，不能拿時間點和信件的數量做“比較？”所以
刪除．
在此我要提醒，修辭所謂的比較，要不就是考as..as/more than/less than
比較結構，或是考類比或對比的Like/Unlike A, B…句型中，A/B要有可比
性，這才叫比較，OG官方版解釋才會用到comparison這樣的標準用語，這裏
應該說outnumbering的邏輯主語錯誤，在OG叫做logical subject．
不過如前面所述，這題第一步一定先找到主要子句的主詞動詞，
句子看到主詞letters後，句中插入句which were written…直接結
束，根本找不到主要子句動詞，所以這裡是句子結構錯誤的fragment
sentence，缺乏主要子句動詞，解這個點不需要浪費時間去看outnumbering
邏輯主語句意問題，直接看句子結構很快就刪了！
(E) Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few
years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending
shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumber
最後剩下A/E選項，影片說因為A主要子句核心句意是講letters were
written over a period，重點在講信是在什麼時間寫的，E選項主要子句核
心句意是letters outnumber her letters to anyone else，重點在講這些
信件遠超過給其他人的信件量．然後突然跳到說E的句意才是比較重要的句
意．
這裡我想挑戰的是（Dustin在影片也有相同疑問），
關於E的主要子句語意比A的主要子句句意重要標準不夠清楚.
這裡其實Dustin有在影片講到，句尾Ving結構在OG官方定義有兩種，一種是
對前面子句做闡述說明，此時Ving動作邏輯主語通常會抓到前面子句的主
詞；另外一種是表達因果關係，此時Ving動作邏輯主語是抓前面整個動作事
件，這裡A選項的outnumbering很明顯的是前面第一種結構，因為邏輯主語
是前句主詞letters，所以outnumbering必須是對前面主要子句做
elaborate，也就是Dustin講到的語意邏輯上要有關聯，這點OG都說明很清
楚了.
如果A/E要用語意來解，應該是letters outnumber her letters to anyone
else對主要子句letters were written over a period並不存在elaborate
的關係，兩件事情語意上是獨立事件．但是我相信這樣的解法對於台灣人也
很難應用，因為英文不是我們的母語．
這裏我想用的是標準英文的觀念來解，因為句尾Ving結構做闡述說明，在標
準英語表達訊息方面應該是從general到specific，所以通常主要子句＋限
定修飾語相較於句尾Ving結構，主要子句短，句尾Ving修飾語較長，這點我
們也可以從OG官方版解釋看出這樣的隱含意思：
OG Explanation for A:
The long, wordy opening clause gives too much emphasis to the
period when Dickinson’s letters were written; it is unclear what
outnumbering refers to.
所以注意到了嗎？官方版解釋說因為the period修飾語beginning and
ending過長會造成主要子句too much emphasis，所以這樣結構會變成
specific到general，表達訊息結構比較不符合標準英文的寫法，若這樣判
斷5秒就可以解決，我相信這點英語程度普通的同學也做得到，再舉下面這
個例子給大家練習：
96. (29707-!-item-!-188;#058&003977)
In some species of cricket, the number of chirps per minute used
by the male for attracting females rise and fall in accordance
with the surrounding temperature, and they can in fact serve as an
approximate thermometer.
D. to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the
surrounding temperature, and it can in fact serve
E. to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the
surrounding temperature, in fact possibly serving
這題D/E也是大家容易混淆，相信各位用以上方法應該知道哪個選項的結構
比較不符合標準英文寫法．
結尾最後想強調一點，這個影片我只針對有問題的部分challenge，當然對
於K大認為總結每個點都要分析，這點我也非常認同，因為現在同學做總結
都只針對容易的部份，但是修辭的解題點應該全部要分析出來，再來思考解
題步驟，以上希望對大家準備修辭有幫助，祝同學考試順利！
大家也可以參考Dustin的觀點：
https://youtu.be/ZmXKInrF3Oc?t=8m50s
